Heterosis and heterotic patterns of maize germplasm revealed by a multiple-hybrid population under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions

Understanding the heterosis in multiple environments between different heterotic groups is of fundamental importance in successful maize breeding. A total of 737 hybrids derived from 41 maize inbreds were evaluated over two years, with the aim of assessing the genetic diversity and their performance between heterotic groups under drought-stressed (DS) and well-watered (WW) treatments. A total of 38 737 SNPs were employed to assess the genetic diversity. The genetic distance (GD) between the parents ranged from 0.05 to 0.74, and the 41 inbreds were classified into five heterotic groups. According to the hybrid performance (high yield and early maturity between heterotic groups), the heterosis and heterotic patterns of Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS)×Non-Stiff Stalk (NSS), NSS×Sipingtou (SPT) and BSSS×SPT were identified to be useful options in China's maize breeding. The relative importance of general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA) suggests the importance of the additive genetic effects for grain yield traits under the WW treatment, but the non-additive effects under the DS treatment. At least one of the parental lines with drought tolerance and a high GCA effect would be required to achieve the ideal hybrid performance under drought conditions. GD showed a positive correlation with yield and yield heterosis in within-group hybrids over a certain range of GD. The present investigation suggests that the heterosis is due to the combined accumulation of superior genes/alleles in parents and the optimal genetic distance between parents, and that yield heterosis under DS treatment was mainly determined by the non-additive effects.     

棉花种质综合性状鉴定及资源利用分析

[目的]研究种质性状分布及变异特点,筛选出核心资源,选育出符合新疆棉花产业需求的品种.[方法]以保存396份陆地棉品种资源为材料,采用田间鉴定方法,分析6个表型生育性状、6个经济学性状、5个纤维品质性状及田间黄萎病变异及分布.[结果]供试陆地棉种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,生育期在116～125 d适宜范围的占51.8％;...     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒与宿主细胞的相互作用研究

自1946年Olafson等首次在美国纽约州发现牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)以来,该病毒在世界各地广泛流行和传播,尤其对一些畜牧业发达国家的奶业和牛肉业造成了巨大损失.了解牛病毒性腹泻病的致病机理,研制出更加安全可靠有效的疫苗,对控制该病的发生和蔓延尤为重要.对BVDV的病原学、生物学特性以及对宿主细胞的相互作用等进行了阐述,以期为BVDV的预防及治疗奠定基础.     

利用光谱红边参数监测黄萎病棉叶叶绿素和氮素含量

以黄萎病胁迫下棉花叶片为试验材料, 分析感染病害棉叶叶绿素(Chl)含量和氮素含量(LNC)与光谱红边参数间的关系, 建立病害棉叶Chl含量和LNC的光谱红边参数诊断模型。结果表明：(1)随着病情加重, 棉叶Chl a、Chl b、Chl a+b和LNC逐渐减小, 其中Chl a下降最快, Chl b下降最慢;(2)黄萎病叶片光谱反射率在可见光区(400~700 nm), 近红外光区(700~1300 nm)和短波红外光区(1300~2500 nm)呈现逐渐上升趋势, 在520~680 nm间达极显著(P<0.01);光谱吸收率在可见光区和短波红外光区呈现逐渐下降的趋势, 达极显著(P<0.01), 在近红外光区呈现先升后降的趋势。(3)病害棉叶红边位置(REP)、红边振动幅(Dr)、红谷位置(Lo)、红边深度(Depth672)和红边面积(Area672)的值均减小, 红边宽度(Lwidth)的值增加, 且Area672减小的幅度最大, Dr减小的幅度最小, Lwidth增加的幅度较大;(4)病害棉叶Chl a含量、Chl b含量、Chl a+b含量和LNC均与红边参数REP、Lo、Depth672和Area672呈极显著正相关, 与Lwidth呈极显著负相关, 与Dr未达显著相关;(5)利用红边参数建立的棉叶Chl含量和LNC的诊断模型均达极显著(P<0.01), 其中以Area672为自变量建立的病害棉叶Chl a、Chl a+b和LNC的诊断模型和Lo为自变量建立的Chl b诊断模型的精度最高, 能很好的诊断病害棉叶Chl含量和LNC。     

Mining Elite Sea-Island Cotton Germplasm Based on Phenotyping and SSR Markers

[Objective] An elite germplasm resource of sea-island cotton with outstanding traits was mined in order to accelerate the breeding process of new varieties. [Method] The core collections of sea-island cotton germplasm consisted of 178 accessions were used as experimental materials in this study. Analyses of variability and diversity were performed through detecting phenotypic data of six main breeding-targeted traits, including boll weight, boll number per plant, lint percentage, fiber length, fiber strength, and micronaire. The elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was selected according to 10% optimal sampling strategy based on the phenotypic value of each trait. The 120 pairs of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to analyze the polymorphism of 178 accessions of the core collections. Then, we conducted the population structure and clustering analysis based on the genotyping results. According to the results of cluster analysis, the primary elite germplasm was further selected, and the final elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was identified. [Result] The results showed that there was a high variability and abundant genetic diversity in the 6 studied traits. In 178 accessions of sea-island cotton, 262 alleles were detected by 120 pairs of SSR primers, with an average of 2.18 loci. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.067 8-0.630 0, with an average of 0.296 0, showing moderate polymorphism. The cluster analysis showed that the core collection of sea-island cotton was divided into six groups. twenty-three elite germplasm resources of sea-island cotton were identified based on phenotypic value and cluster analysis of SSR markers. [Conclusion] The germplasm of sea-island cotton can be analyzed and evaluated based on the phenotyping and SSR markers, and then the elite germplasm of sea-island cotton can be identified. These results provided the material basis for the genetic breeding of sea-island cotton, as well as the important reference and basis for the mining and identification of crop elite germplasm.     

牛源大肠杆菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测分析

为研究近年来新疆地区牛源大肠杆菌中质粒介导喹诺酮类药物耐药基因的分布及其对喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药情况,本研究于2016-2018年从新疆石河子、沙湾、奎屯、玛纳斯和伊犁5个地区12个规模化奶牛场分离出116株牛源大肠杆菌,药敏试验检测其耐药性,同时利用PCR扩增PMQR耐药基因。药敏试验结果显示,62.93%的菌株对氨苄西林耐药,耐药率最高。对链霉素、四环素、卡那霉素和恩诺沙星的耐药率依次为56.90%、54.31%、43.10%和42.24%。对头孢他啶和头孢噻肟的耐药率较低,分别为7.76%和11.21%。分离菌主要携带qnrA、qnrS和aac（6'）-Ⅰb-cr 3种耐药基因;116株大肠杆菌中有31株携带PMQR的耐药基因,检出阳性率为26.72%,其中26株仅携带1种PMQR耐药基因,占所有菌株的22.41%,4株携带2种PMQR耐药基因,占所有菌株的3.45%,1株携带3种PMQR耐药基因,占所有菌株的0.86%。综上所述,新疆地区牛源大肠杆菌质粒介导喹诺酮类药物基因主要为qnrA、qnrS和aac（6'）-Ⅰb-cr 3种,且对恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星均产生不同程度的耐药性。     

细粒棘球绦虫脂肪酸去饱和酶1基因序列及不同发育阶段表达分析

旨在寻找细粒棘球绦虫发育相关基因,为预防和治疗细粒棘球绦虫引起的包虫病而制定相应的措施提供理论基础。通过分析细粒棘球绦虫原头蚴高通量转录组测序数据文库,对Unigene进行KEGG通路分析,筛选出一个脂肪代谢通路,并筛选出该通路中主要的调控基因脂肪酸去饱和酶1。通过对Eg-FADS1基因的PCR扩增,分析其核苷酸序列及氨基酸序列,用实时荧光定量PCR和全量组织原位杂交检测Eg-FADS1基因在不同发育阶段的表达情况。结果显示,该基因具有完整的开放阅读框,cDNA全长为819bp,编码272个氨基酸,预测该蛋白分子质量为30.98ku,等电点为7.10。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,Eg-FADS1基因在原头蚴及成虫阶段均有表达,并且该基因在成虫阶段极显著高于原头蚴阶段的表达量。全量组织原位杂交结果显示,Eg-FADS1mRNA在原头蚴及成虫阶段分布广泛。提示Eg-FADS1具有生物防治作用,值得进一步研究。     

缓释尿素制备工艺及其在反刍动物生产中应用的研究进展

尿素在反刍动物生产实践中的应用较为广泛,但直接饲喂尿素也存在一些弊端。尿素在瘤胃中降解过快,产生的氨无法被瘤胃中的微生物及时有效地利用而大量积累,容易引起氨中毒,限制了其应用范围。因此,尿素缓释技术及其产品近年来得到了广泛的研究与应用。本文主要综述了尿素常用的包被材料、缓释技术在反刍动物上的应用效果,以为缓释尿素在反刍动物生产中更好地运用提供参考。     

绵羊肺源致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性研究

为了查清新疆石河子部分规模场引起羔羊死亡的原因,本研究对采集的病羊肺脏组织进行细菌分离,同时对分离菌株进行小鼠致病性试验、特异性基因PCR检测、药物敏感性试验和耐药基因PCR检测.结果显示:从病变肺脏组织分离得到10株细菌,分离菌为大肠杆菌,致病性强;分离菌株呈现多重耐药现象,对诺氟沙星、复方新诺明、氟苯尼考等17种抗生素耐药;检测到iutA、fyuA、ireA、hlyD和afa 5种毒力因子,strA、strB、aadA1/aadA2、Bla(TEM1)、Bla(OXA1)、Tet A和Tet B 7种耐药基因.本研究为该地区规模场绵羊感染大肠杆菌的防控和临床用药提供依据.     

陆地棉遗传距离与纤维品质性状中亲优势及F1、F2表现的相关性研究

通过29个陆地棉品种(系)表型性状及SSR标记遗传距离聚类分析,依据遗传距离大小在不同类群中选择了8个遗传背景差异不同的陆地棉亲本,进行不完全双列杂交,共配制了28个组合,开展了陆地棉纤维品质性状F1、F2表现及其中亲优势与遗传距离之间的相关、回归分析研究.结果发现杂种F1、F2纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、断裂比强度及其中亲优势均与表型及SSR标记遗传距离正相关,其中杂种F1纤维上半部平均长度与2种遗传距离均达到了显著水平,断裂比强度与SSR标记遗传距离达显著水平;伸长率的杂种F1、F2表现及其中亲优势均与表型及SSR标记遗传距离负相关,其中杂种F1伸长率与SSR标记遗传距离显著负相关.回归分析发现与遗传距离达到显著或极显著相关的纤维品质性状,均与对应遗传距离具有显著或极显著拟合的曲线模型.这些显著或极显著的纤维品质性状,可在育种实践中为利用杂种优势改良棉纤维品质提供参考信息.